Since the inception of electronic communications, frequency response has been the common measurement unit for most instruments. Even after the introduction of the feedback amplifier, frequency ...

Closed-loop control systems are sometimes shipped from the factory with resonances and other operational difficulties that aren't supposed to be part of the package and are not well understood.

These three analysis methods are linked together, so this section is organized by control method. In contrast to the large-signal transient response that was reviewed in part 2, we will perform ac ...